L-Ascorbic Acid
The most common form of vitamin C that has historically been considered the “gold standard” due to it's active form (& the one you've probably heard of most) is L-ascorbic Acid. You can find it in concentrations of 3-20%, with higher concentrations being more irritating. The problem with L-ascorbic acid, and products containing it, is that it has a low pH (less than 3). Our skin is happiest and functions best within a pH range of 4.7–5.7 — and when outside of this range, your skin barrier can become compromised, which translates to skin irritation. For those with sensitive skin, this can happen more easily. So if you apply a product with a pH of 2.5–3 to your skin that needs to have a pH of 4.7–5.7, it is much more likely that the product will disrupt your skin barrier and ultimately cause skin irritation.
Another common concern with L-ascorbic acid is it's stability (or lack thereof). Unfortunately, the molecule is highly unstable, meaning the anti-oxidant that you purchased can easily become oxidized when exposed to air (aka: opening the bottle) - not ideal! Ever wonder why vitamin C serums are so.dang.expensive? Because bottling this molecule in a stable form is extremely costly (but also vital to it's effectiveness)! This is why it's so important to buy your Vitamin C from a reputable source, such as a medical skincare line (such as SBB or Revision) or from your local dermatology office.